Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Mannitol shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Mannitol offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Mannitol at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Mannitol? Wrong! If the Mannitol is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Mannitol then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Mannitol? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Mannitol and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Mannitol wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Mannitol then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Mannitol site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Mannitol, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Mannitol, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Drugbox||IUPAC_name = (2R,3R,4R,5R)-Hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol| image=Mannitol structure.png| CAS_number=69-65-8| ATC_prefix=A06| ATC_suffix=AD16| ATC_supplemental= | PubChem=453| DrugBank=APRD01083| C=6 | H=14 | O=6| molecular_weight = 182.172| bioavailability= ~7%| metabolism =
Liver, negligible.| elimination_half-life=100 minutes| excretion =
Kidney: 90%| pregnancy_category = C: (
United States)| legal_status = ?| routes_of_administration= Intravenous
Mouth-->
Mannitol or
hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C6H8(OH)6) is an
osmosis diuretic agent and a weak kidney vasodilator. It is a sorbitol stereoisomer.
It was originally isolated from the secretions of the
Flowering Ash, called Manna after their resemblance to the Biblical food, and may also be referred to as
Mannite and
Manna Sugar.Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts, 6th ed. (1880)
Chemical properties
Chemically, mannitol is a
sugar alcohol, or a polyol; it is similar to xylitol or sorbitol. However, mannitol has a tendency to lose a
hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this, it is not uncommon to add a substance to adjust its pH, such as
sodium bicarbonate.
Uses
Mannitol is used clinically to reduce acutely raised
intracranial pressure, until more definitive treatment can be given, e.g. after head trauma (although significant controversy exists over this use), and to treat patients with oliguric renal failure. It is administered intravenously, and is filtered by the
glomerulus of the kidney, but is incapable of being reabsorbed from the renal tubule, resulting in decreased water and
Sodium+ reabsorption via its osmosis effect. Consequently, mannitol increases water and Na+ excretion, thereby decreasing extracellular fluid volume.
Mannitol can also be used to open the
blood-brain barrier by temporarily shrinking the tightly coupled
endothelial cells that make up the barrier. This makes mannitol indispensable for delivering various drugs directly to the
brain (e.g. in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease).
Mannitol is also used as a
sweetener for people with diabetes. Since mannitol has a positive heat of solution, it is used as a sweetener in "breath-freshening" candies, the cooling effect adding to the fresh feel. In doses larger than 20g, mannitol acts as a
laxative, and is sometimes sold as a laxative for children.
It is sometimes used as an
adulterant or cutting agent for
heroin, methamphetamines or other
illicit drugs. In popular culture, when it is used in this manner, it is often referred to as
baby laxative. Many television shows and films depicting drug culture make such references to
baby laxative when in fact they are referring to Mannitol.
Mannitol can also be used to temporarily encapsulate a sharp object (such as a helix on a lead for an
artificial pacemaker) while it is passing through the venous system. Because it dissolves readily in blood, the sharp point will become exposed by the time it reaches its destination.
Mannitol may be administered in cases of severe
Ciguatera poisoning. Severe ciguatoxin, or "tropical fish poisoning" can produce stroke-like symptoms.
Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule; i.e., it cannot cross biological membranes.
Mannitol is commonly used in the circuit prime of a heart lung machine during
cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The presence of mannitol preserves renal function during the times of low blood flow and pressure, while the patient is on bypass. The solution prevents the swelling of
endothelial cells in the kidney, which may have otherwise reduced blood flow to this area and resulted in cell damage.
Mannitol is also being developed by an Australian pharmaceutical company as a treatment for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis and as a diagnostic test for airway hyperresponsiveness. The mannitol is orally inhaled as a dry powder through what is known as an osmohaler. The critical component of the mannitol being the particle size distribution (PSD). The company has marketing approval for its diagnostic in Australia and Europe and is currently applying for approval from the FDA.
Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers for Mannitol are
- 123897-58-5
- 69-65-8
- 75398-80-0
- 85085-15-0
Controversy
The three studiesCruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Improving clinical outcomes from acute subdural hematomas with the emergency preoperative administration of high doses of mannitol: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery. 2001 Oct;49(4):864-71. PMID 11564247, Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Major clinical and physiological benefits of early high doses of mannitol for intraparenchymal temporal lobe hemorrhages with abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery. 2002 Sep;51(3):628-37; discussion 637-8. PMID 12188940, Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K, Facco E. Successful use of the new high-dose mannitol treatment in patients with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 and bilateral abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. J Neurosurg. 2004 Mar;100(3):376-83. PMID 15035271 which initially found that mannitol was effective in cases of severe head injury have been the subject of a recent investigationRoberts I, Smith R, Evans S. Doubts over head injury studies. BMJ. 2007 Feb 24;334(7590):392-4. PMID 17322250. Although several authors are listed, the others had no knowledge of how, where, or even if the patients were recruited, meaning that the papers were essentially conducted by Dr. Cruz, who killed himself in 2005. Further, the Federal University of São Paulo, which he gave as his affiliation, has never employed him. Currently, therefore, the Cochrane Collaboration recommending mannitolWakai A, Roberts I, Schierhout G. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD001049. PMID 16235278 has been withdrawn pending re-evaluation, as there is some evidence that mannitol may worsen cerebral oedemaKaufmann AM, Cardoso ER. Aggravation of vasogenic cerebral edema by multiple-dose mannitol. J Neurosurg. 1992 Oct;77(4):584-9. PMID 1527619.
References
External links
{{Drugbox||IUPAC_name = (2R,3R,4R,5R)-Hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol| image=Mannitol structure.png| CAS_number=69-65-8| ATC_prefix=A06| ATC_suffix=AD16| ATC_supplemental= | PubChem=453| DrugBank=APRD01083| C=6 | H=14 | O=6| molecular_weight = 182.172| bioavailability= ~7%| metabolism =
Liver, negligible.| elimination_half-life=100 minutes| excretion = Kidney: 90%| pregnancy_category = C: (United States)| legal_status = ?| routes_of_administration=
IntravenousMouth-->
Mannitol or
hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C6H8(OH)6) is an osmosis diuretic agent and a weak
kidney vasodilator. It is a sorbitol
stereoisomer.
It was originally isolated from the secretions of the Flowering Ash, called Manna after their resemblance to the Biblical food, and may also be referred to as
Mannite and
Manna Sugar.Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts, 6th ed. (1880)
Chemical properties
Chemically, mannitol is a
sugar alcohol, or a
polyol; it is similar to xylitol or sorbitol. However, mannitol has a tendency to lose a hydrogen
ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this, it is not uncommon to add a substance to adjust its
pH, such as
sodium bicarbonate.
Uses
Mannitol is used clinically to reduce acutely raised intracranial pressure, until more definitive treatment can be given, e.g. after head trauma (although significant controversy exists over this use), and to treat patients with
oliguric renal failure. It is administered
intravenously, and is filtered by the
glomerulus of the
kidney, but is incapable of being reabsorbed from the
renal tubule, resulting in decreased water and Sodium+ reabsorption via its
osmosis effect. Consequently, mannitol increases water and Na+ excretion, thereby decreasing extracellular fluid volume.
Mannitol can also be used to open the
blood-brain barrier by temporarily shrinking the tightly coupled endothelial cells that make up the barrier. This makes mannitol indispensable for delivering various drugs directly to the
brain (e.g. in the treatment of
Alzheimer's disease).
Mannitol is also used as a sweetener for people with
diabetes. Since mannitol has a positive
heat of solution, it is used as a sweetener in "breath-freshening" candies, the cooling effect adding to the fresh feel. In doses larger than 20g, mannitol acts as a laxative, and is sometimes sold as a laxative for children.
It is sometimes used as an adulterant or cutting agent for
heroin, methamphetamines or other illicit drugs. In popular culture, when it is used in this manner, it is often referred to as
baby laxative. Many television shows and films depicting drug culture make such references to
baby laxative when in fact they are referring to Mannitol.
Mannitol can also be used to temporarily encapsulate a sharp object (such as a helix on a lead for an
artificial pacemaker) while it is passing through the venous system. Because it dissolves readily in blood, the sharp point will become exposed by the time it reaches its destination.
Mannitol may be administered in cases of severe Ciguatera poisoning. Severe ciguatoxin, or "tropical fish poisoning" can produce stroke-like symptoms.
Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule; i.e., it cannot cross biological membranes.
Mannitol is commonly used in the circuit prime of a heart lung machine during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The presence of mannitol preserves renal function during the times of low blood flow and pressure, while the patient is on bypass. The solution prevents the swelling of endothelial cells in the kidney, which may have otherwise reduced blood flow to this area and resulted in cell damage.
Mannitol is also being developed by an Australian pharmaceutical company as a treatment for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis and as a diagnostic test for airway hyperresponsiveness. The mannitol is orally inhaled as a dry powder through what is known as an osmohaler. The critical component of the mannitol being the particle size distribution (PSD). The company has marketing approval for its diagnostic in Australia and Europe and is currently applying for approval from the FDA.
Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers for Mannitol are
- 123897-58-5
- 69-65-8
- 75398-80-0
- 85085-15-0
Controversy
The three studiesCruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Improving clinical outcomes from acute subdural hematomas with the emergency preoperative administration of high doses of mannitol: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery. 2001 Oct;49(4):864-71. PMID 11564247, Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Major clinical and physiological benefits of early high doses of mannitol for intraparenchymal temporal lobe hemorrhages with abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery. 2002 Sep;51(3):628-37; discussion 637-8. PMID 12188940, Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K, Facco E. Successful use of the new high-dose mannitol treatment in patients with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 and bilateral abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. J Neurosurg. 2004 Mar;100(3):376-83. PMID 15035271 which initially found that mannitol was effective in cases of severe head injury have been the subject of a recent investigationRoberts I, Smith R, Evans S. Doubts over head injury studies. BMJ. 2007 Feb 24;334(7590):392-4. PMID 17322250. Although several authors are listed, the others had no knowledge of how, where, or even if the patients were recruited, meaning that the papers were essentially conducted by Dr. Cruz, who killed himself in 2005. Further, the Federal University of São Paulo, which he gave as his affiliation, has never employed him. Currently, therefore, the
Cochrane Collaboration recommending mannitolWakai A, Roberts I, Schierhout G. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD001049. PMID 16235278 has been withdrawn pending re-evaluation, as there is some evidence that mannitol may worsen cerebral oedemaKaufmann AM, Cardoso ER. Aggravation of vasogenic cerebral edema by multiple-dose mannitol. J Neurosurg. 1992 Oct;77(4):584-9. PMID 1527619.
References
External links
Mannitol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mannitol or hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C 6 H 8 (OH) 6) is a polyol that is used as an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator. It is a sorbitol stereoisomer.
Mannitol Salt Agar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mannitol Salt Agar or MSA is a commonly used growth medium in microbiology. It contains a high concentration (~7.5%-10%) of salt NaCl, making it selective for members of the family ...
Definition: mannitol from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
AskOxford: mannitol
mannitol / mann itol/ • noun a sweet-tasting form of alcohol found in many plants and used in foods and medical products. — ORIGIN from MANNA.
Mannitol investigations
Message to CRASH Collaborators about high dose mannitol therapy. Between 2001 and 2004, three reports were published by Dr Julio Cruz and colleagues ...
mannitol - definition of mannitol in the Medical dictionary - by the ...
mannitol /man·ni·tol/ (man´i-tol) a sugar alcohol formed by reduction of mannose or fructose and widely distributed in plants and fungi; an osmotic diuretic used to prevent and ...
Mannitol Intravenous Infusion BP
Mannitol is known as an osmotic diuretic. Osmotic diuretics act in the kidney to cause excess body water to be removed from the blood, and converted into urine. Sodium salts draw ...
The role of mannitol for prevention of the post-reperfusion syndrome ...
Double blind randomized controlled trial on the effects of mannitol on the postreperfusion syndrome during orthotopic liver transplantations.
SCOP: Protein: Mannitol 2-dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens
Protein: Mannitol 2-dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens Lineage: Root: scop; Class: All alpha proteins [46456] Fold: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase C-terminal domain-like ...
Mannitol IV (Mannitol Injection) drug description - FDA approved ...
Find Mannitol IV (Mannitol Injection) medication description and FDA approved drug information including side effects, interactions and patient labeling.
